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118 Psychology Trivia Questions and Answers

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Easy Psychology Trivia Questions

  1. Which brain structure is strongly associated with processing fear?

    Amygdala

    The amygdala is involved in emotional processing, including responses to threat and fear.

    Easy · Also offered: Hippocampus, Cerebellum, Medulla · Source: National Institute of Mental Health, The Brain

  2. A person is less likely to help during an emergency when a crowd is watching. What is this?

    Bystander effect

    Psychologists Bibb Latane and John Darley proposed the effect after press reports on the 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese in New York claimed many neighbors failed to intervene, an account later research showed was exaggerated. The mechanism is diffusion of responsibility: each witness assumes someone else will step in.

    Easy · Also offered: Social loafing, Deindividuation, Groupthink · Source: APA Dictionary, bystander effect

  3. Someone searches only for articles agreeing with a belief. Which bias is this?

    Confirmation bias

    Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek or interpret information in ways that support existing beliefs.

    Easy · Also offered: Self-serving bias, Status quo bias, Omission bias · Source: APA Dictionary, confirmation bias

  4. What is the feeling that a new situation has happened before?

    Déjà vu

    Déjà vu is the feeling of having previously experienced a situation that is actually new.

    Easy · Also offered: Tip-of-the-tongue state, Change blindness, Habituation · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  5. In a drug trial, neither volunteers nor interacting researchers know who got which pill. What design is this?

    Double-blind procedure

    A double-blind procedure keeps both participants and researchers who interact with them unaware of condition assignment.

    Easy · Also offered: Naturalistic observation, Case study, Cross-sectional design · Source: APA Dictionary, double-blind procedure

  6. Claustrophobia is the fear of what?

    Enclosed spaces

    From the Latin claustrum, meaning an enclosed place. It is why some people cannot tolerate an MRI scanner.

    Easy · Also offered: Open spaces, Crowds, Heights · Source: DSM-5, specific phobia

  7. Who proposed eight stages of psychosocial development?

    Erik Erikson

    Erik Erikson proposed a lifespan theory of eight psychosocial stages.

    Easy · Also offered: Jean Piaget, Harry Harlow, Lawrence Kohlberg · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Erik Erikson

  8. Planning, switching tasks, and resisting an impulse rely on which mental processes?

    Executive functions

    Executive functions are higher-order cognitive processes that support planning, monitoring, shifting, and inhibition.

    Easy · Also offered: Reflexes, Sensory registers, Fixed-action patterns · Source: APA Dictionary, executive functions

  9. Volunteers shown a doctored photo of themselves in a hot-air balloon later recalled the ride in detail. What is that recollection called?

    False memory

    A false memory is a recollection that differs from what actually happened or includes an event that did not occur.

    Easy · Also offered: Episodic memory, Procedural memory, Sensory memory · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  10. A committee ignores warnings because everyone wants agreement. What is this called?

    Groupthink

    Irving Janis used groupthink for defective decision-making under pressure to maintain group unanimity.

    Easy · Also offered: Group polarization, Social loafing, Pluralistic ignorance · Source: APA Dictionary, groupthink

  11. One favorable trait colors judgments of a person's other traits. What bias is this?

    Halo effect

    The halo effect occurs when one favorable trait shapes how we judge a person’s other traits, often making us view them more positively overall. The term was introduced by psychologist Edward Thorndike in 1920 after he observed this pattern in military evaluations.

    Easy · Also offered: Primacy effect, Recency effect, Confirmation bias · Source: APA Dictionary, halo effect

  12. Someone with acrophobia is afraid of what?

    Heights

    From the Greek akron, meaning peak or summit. It is distinct from a fear of flying, which is aerophobia.

    Easy · Also offered: Flying, Falling asleep, Sharp objects · Source: DSM-5, specific phobia

  13. After a surprise result, friends say they knew it all along. Which bias is this?

    Hindsight bias

    Hindsight bias is the tendency to see an event as having been predictable after learning its outcome.

    Easy · Also offered: Outcome bias, Optimism bias, Attribution bias · Source: APA Dictionary, hindsight bias

  14. What tendency makes people favor those they identify with?

    In-group bias

    In-group bias is the tendency to trust and reward people seen as part of your own group, whether that is a nation, a team or a workplace, while judging outsiders more harshly. It appears even when the groups are assigned at random minutes earlier.

    Easy · Also offered: Self-serving bias, Confirmation bias, Status quo bias · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  15. What does IQ stand for?

    Intelligence quotient

    The term is a quotient because the original score divided mental age by chronological age and multiplied by 100.

    Easy · Also offered: Intelligence quality, Intellectual quantity, Innate quotient · Source: Stern, 1912, Intelligenzquotient

  16. Who proposed the hierarchy of needs?

    Abraham Maslow

    He introduced the idea in a 1943 paper, arguing that needs like food and safety generally have to be met before people pursue belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. The now-famous pyramid diagram does not appear in his original work. It was added later by other writers summarizing his theory.

    Easy · Also offered: Carl Rogers, Frederick Herzberg, Douglas McGregor · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Abraham Maslow

  17. What sits at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

    Self-actualization

    Maslow's hierarchy runs from physiological needs at the base up through safety, belonging and esteem, with self-actualization at the summit: becoming everything a person is capable of becoming. He argued that the lower needs generally have to be satisfied before the higher ones start to press.

    Easy · Also offered: Esteem, Belonging, Safety · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Maslow's hierarchy of needs

  18. Who conducted the famous obedience experiments using a simulated shock generator?

    Stanley Milgram

    Stanley Milgram conducted influential experiments on obedience to an authority figure.

    Easy · Also offered: Solomon Asch, Philip Zimbardo, Muzafer Sherif · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Stanley Milgram

  19. What does OCD stand for?

    Obsessive-compulsive disorder

    The name pairs obsessions, which are intrusive thoughts, with compulsions, which are the repeated acts done to relieve them.

    Easy · Also offered: Obsessive control disorder, Overactive compulsion disorder, Obsessive-compulsive dysfunction · Source: DSM-5

  20. A dog gets a treat after sitting and sits more often. What learning process is this?

    Reinforcement

    In operant conditioning, reinforcement increases the future likelihood of a behavior.

    Easy · Also offered: Punishment, Extinction, Habituation · Source: APA Dictionary, reinforcement

  21. Which psychologist is associated with classical conditioning?

    Ivan Pavlov

    The APA identifies classical conditioning as Pavlovian conditioning and credits its discovery to Ivan Pavlov.

    Easy · Also offered: B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, Sigmund Freud · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology, classical conditioning

  22. A person feels better after taking an inactive pill they believe is medicine. What is this?

    Placebo effect

    The placebo effect is a change attributed to expectations surrounding an intervention rather than its active ingredient.

    Easy · Also offered: Hawthorne effect, Pygmalion effect, Regression effect · Source: APA Dictionary, placebo effect

  23. What does PTSD stand for?

    Post-traumatic stress disorder

    Post-traumatic stress disorder entered formal diagnosis in 1980, replacing earlier terms such as shell shock and combat fatigue.

    Easy · Also offered: Persistent traumatic shock disorder, Post-traumatic shock disorder, Prolonged trauma and stress disorder · Source: DSM-III, 1980

  24. A study uses chance to place each volunteer in a treatment or control group. What process is this?

    Random assignment

    Random assignment places participants into conditions by chance, helping balance preexisting differences.

    Easy · Also offered: Random sampling, Stratification, Counterbalancing · Source: OpenStax Psychology 2e, experimental design

  25. Which memory system briefly holds a small amount of information for immediate use?

    Short-term memory

    Short-term memory temporarily holds information available for immediate processing and use.

    Easy · Also offered: Sensory memory, Long-term memory, Procedural memory · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology, short-term memory

  26. Which psychologist is associated with operant conditioning?

    B. F. Skinner

    Skinner studied the process using a soundproof chamber that let him control what a rat or pigeon received after pressing a lever, building on Edward Thorndike's earlier law of effect. His key finding was that behavior followed by a reward becomes more frequent, while behavior followed by punishment becomes less so.

    Easy · Also offered: Ivan Pavlov, John Bowlby, Carl Rogers · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology, operant conditioning

  27. What influence leads people to follow others when deciding how to act?

    Social proof

    Social proof is the tendency to view other people's behavior as evidence of what is appropriate in an uncertain situation.

    Easy · Also offered: Obedience to authority, Groupthink, Reciprocity · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  28. Reviewing vocabulary on several days works better than one long cram session. Which effect is this?

    Spacing effect

    The spacing effect is improved long-term retention when learning episodes are spread out over time.

    Easy · Also offered: Primacy effect, Testing effect, Zeigarnik effect · Source: APA Dictionary, spacing effect

  29. Arachnophobia is the fear of what?

    Spiders

    The name comes from arachne, the Greek word for spider, and one of the most common specific phobias worldwide.

    Easy · Also offered: Snakes, Insects, Enclosed spaces · Source: DSM-5, specific phobia

  30. You finish a bad movie because you already watched an hour. Which effect fits?

    Sunk-cost effect

    The sunk-cost effect is the tendency to continue an endeavor because of previously invested resources.

    Easy · Also offered: Endowment effect, Halo effect, False-consensus effect · Source: APA Dictionary, sunk cost effect

  31. Why can't you tickle yourself?

    The brain predicts the touch from your own movement and turns the sensation down

    As you move, the brain sends a copy of the command forward and predicts the touch that will result. Predicted touch is damped down, which is how the body ignores its own clothing and movement. Brain scans show sensory areas respond less to self-produced touch than to identical touch from someone else.

    Easy · Also offered: Your own touch is always too light to register, The nerves in your hand and the nerves in your skin cancel each other out, You cannot reach the most ticklish spots · Source: Blakemore, Wolpert and Frith, Nature Neuroscience (1998)

  32. Graphology claims to reveal a person's character from what?

    Their handwriting

    Graphology reads slant, pressure, spacing and letter shapes as clues to personality, and has been used by some employers to screen job applicants. Controlled studies have repeatedly found that it does not predict personality or job performance, and it is classed as a pseudoscience.

    Easy · Also offered: The bumps on their skull, The lines on their palm, The position of the planets at their birth · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, graphology

  33. What is the feeling of knowing a word but being unable to recall it?

    Tip-of-the-tongue state

    A tip-of-the-tongue state is the temporary feeling that a known word is just out of reach for recall.

    Easy · Also offered: Déjà vu, Change blindness, False consensus effect · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

Medium Psychology Trivia Questions

  1. The first price you see makes every price after it feel cheap or expensive by comparison. What is this effect called?

    Anchoring bias

    Anchoring bias is the tendency for the first number you encounter to set the scale for every judgement that follows, even when that starting point is arbitrary or plainly irrelevant.

    Medium · Also offered: Availability bias, Confirmation bias, Status quo bias · Source: APA Dictionary, anchoring effect

  2. Which psychologist ran the famous conformity experiments in which volunteers judged the length of lines?

    Solomon Asch

    In Solomon Asch's 1950s experiments a volunteer sat with a group of actors who all confidently gave the same obviously wrong answer about which line matched a reference line. Volunteers went along with the group on about a third of those trials, and around three quarters caved at least once.

    Medium · Also offered: Stanley Milgram, Philip Zimbardo, Muzafer Sherif · Source: OpenStax Psychology 2e, Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience

  3. Which psychologist showed, with the Bobo doll experiments, that people learn by watching others?

    Albert Bandura

    Albert Bandura found that children who had watched an adult punch and shout at an inflatable clown doll went on to do the same when left alone with it, learning the behaviour by observation rather than by being rewarded for it.

    Medium · Also offered: B. F. Skinner, John B. Watson, Edward Thorndike · Source: OpenStax Psychology 2e, Learning Approaches

  4. Which personality framework is summarised by the acronym OCEAN?

    Big Five

    OCEAN stands for openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism, the five broad dimensions of the Big Five model. It is the trait framework most used in psychological research, having emerged from decades of statistical work on the words languages use to describe people.

    Medium · Also offered: HEXACO model, PEN model, Cloninger model · Source: APA Dictionary, five-factor model

  5. You notice your name while focused on another conversation. What psychological effect is this?

    Cocktail-party effect

    Selective attention lets you lock onto one voice in a room full of them and filter the rest into background noise. Something highly salient, above all your own name, still breaks through from the channel you were ignoring, which shows the unattended sound is being processed rather than shut out.

    Medium · Also offered: Observer-expectancy effect, Mere-exposure effect, Bystander effect · Source: APA Dictionary, cocktail party phenomenon

  6. What does CBT stand for, in one of the most widely used talking therapies?

    Cognitive behavioural therapy

    Cognitive behavioural therapy works on the link between thoughts, feelings and behaviour, rather than on early childhood history.

    Medium · Also offered: Clinical behaviour training, Cognitive balance therapy, Conditioned behaviour treatment · Source: NHS, cognitive behavioural therapy

  7. Nyctophobia is the fear of what?

    Darkness

    From the Greek nyx, meaning night. It is common in children and usually fades, but persists into adulthood for some.

    Medium · Also offered: Sleep, Night-time noises, The moon · Source: DSM-5, specific phobia

  8. In a large crowd, each person feels someone else should help. What is this called?

    Diffusion of responsibility

    Diffusion of responsibility occurs when responsibility is perceived as shared among group members.

    Medium · Also offered: Social facilitation, Group polarization, Pluralistic ignorance · Source: APA Dictionary, diffusion of responsibility

  9. Someone with cynophobia is afraid of what animal?

    Dogs

    From the Greek kyon, meaning dog, the same root behind 'cynic' and the dog star Sirius in Canis Major.

    Medium · Also offered: Cats, Horses, Birds · Source: DSM-5, specific phobia

  10. What term describes a vivid recollection of learning about a surprising public event?

    Flashbulb memory

    Psychologists Roger Brown and James Kulik coined the term in 1977 after studying how vividly people recalled hearing about John F. Kennedy's assassination. Despite feeling unusually vivid and certain, these memories are not necessarily more accurate than ordinary ones and can drift over time without the person noticing.

    Medium · Also offered: Procedural memory, Iconic memory, Prospective memory · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica

  11. What persuasion method uses a small request before a larger one?

    Foot-in-the-door technique

    The foot-in-the-door technique begins with a small request and follows it with a larger one, increasing the chance the person will agree to the second request. It works partly because people tend to act consistently with commitments they have already made.

    Medium · Also offered: Door-in-the-face technique, Low-ball technique, That's-not-all technique · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  12. A 90% survival rate sounds better than a 10% mortality rate. Which concept fits?

    Framing effect

    The framing effect occurs when people respond differently to the same information depending on how it is presented, such as survival versus mortality rates.

    Medium · Also offered: Anchoring effect, Priming effect, Halo effect · Source: APA Dictionary, framing effect

  13. You blame a late coworker’s character but ignore the traffic. Which bias is this?

    Fundamental attribution error

    Psychologist Lee Ross named this pattern in 1977, but a classic 1967 study by Jones and Harris had already demonstrated it. People assumed an essay writer personally believed pro-Castro arguments even after being told the position had been assigned by a coin flip.

    Medium · Also offered: Just-world hypothesis, Self-serving bias, False-consensus effect · Source: APA Dictionary, fundamental attribution error

  14. Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?

    Howard Gardner

    He introduced the idea in his 1983 book Frames of Mind, originally listing seven distinct intelligences including musical, bodily-kinesthetic, and interpersonal. He later added an eighth, naturalistic intelligence, and the framework remains popular in education despite limited support from psychometric testing.

    Medium · Also offered: Charles Spearman, Robert Sternberg, David Wechsler · Source: Harvard Graduate School of Education, Howard Gardner

  15. Workers alter how they act after learning that researchers are watching. What is this called?

    Hawthorne effect

    The Hawthorne effect refers to changes in behavior or performance that may be associated with awareness of being observed; it does not assert a universal causal effect.

    Medium · Also offered: Pygmalion effect, Placebo effect, Observer bias · Source: APA Dictionary, Hawthorne effect

  16. Which Swiss psychiatrist devised the set of ten symmetrical inkblots used as a personality test?

    Hermann Rorschach

    Hermann Rorschach published his inkblot method in 1921, and the ten cards are still known by his name.

    Medium · Also offered: Henry Murray, Theodore Millon, David Wechsler · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica

  17. Which branch of psychology applies research to hiring, training, motivation and job performance?

    Industrial-organizational psychology

    Industrial-organizational psychology applies psychological research to the workplace: selecting and hiring staff, training them, motivation, leadership and measuring job performance. Human factors psychology covers the neighbouring ground of shaping equipment and interfaces around human limits.

    Medium · Also offered: Human factors psychology, Social psychology, Counseling psychology · Source: American Psychological Association, industrial and organizational psychology

  18. Who coined the term collective unconscious?

    Carl Jung

    Carl Jung used collective unconscious for inherited, shared patterns in his analytical psychology.

    Medium · Also offered: Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, collective unconscious

  19. Who developed prospect theory?

    Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky

    The Nobel Prize's account of Kahneman's work says prospect theory was developed by Kahneman and fellow psychologist Amos Tversky.

    Medium · Also offered: Herbert Simon and George Akerlof, Richard Thaler and Robert Shiller, Milton Friedman and Gary Becker · Source: Nobel Prize, Advanced information on the 2002 Prize in Economic Sciences

  20. What describes giving up after repeated experiences seem uncontrollable?

    Learned helplessness

    Learned helplessness refers to reduced effort or persistence after repeated experiences in which outcomes seem uncontrollable.

    Medium · Also offered: Self-efficacy, Social facilitation, Cognitive dissonance · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  21. What effect can increase liking for something encountered repeatedly?

    Mere-exposure effect

    Repeated exposure to a face, a tune or even a nonsense word tends to increase liking for it, with no reward attached and often without the person noticing. It is why advertisers pay to repeat the same jingle rather than to explain themselves.

    Medium · Also offered: False-consensus effect, Observer-expectancy effect, Illusory-truth effect · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  22. Who wrote the classic paper about memory span of seven plus or minus two?

    George Miller

    George A. Miller authored the classic 1956 paper on the capacity of immediate memory.

    Medium · Also offered: Alan Baddeley, Ulric Neisser, Hermann Ebbinghaus · Source: American Psychological Association, George A. Miller

  23. What psychological effect makes unpleasant experiences weigh more than equally pleasant ones?

    Negativity bias

    The effect describes the tendency for unpleasant experiences to carry greater psychological weight than comparable pleasant ones.

    Medium · Also offered: Optimism bias, Halo effect, Mere-exposure effect · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  24. Who proposed a stage-based theory of children's cognitive development?

    Jean Piaget

    Piaget argued that children pass through fixed stages - sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational - and that a young child's thinking is not a smaller version of an adult's but runs on different rules. Hence the classic result that a toddler says a tall thin glass holds more water than a short wide one.

    Medium · Also offered: Erik Erikson, Lev Vygotsky, Lawrence Kohlberg · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Jean Piaget

  25. What is the tendency to remember the last items in a list well?

    Recency effect

    The recency effect is the tendency to remember the last items in a list especially well. It is strongest when recall happens immediately after hearing or seeing the list.

    Medium · Also offered: Spacing effect, Testing effect, Von Restorff effect · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  26. Which social principle describes the expectation that a favour will be repaid?

    Norm of reciprocity

    The norm of reciprocity is the near-universal expectation that a favour, gift or concession will be returned. It is why free samples, charity gifts sent unasked, and the mint left with a restaurant bill all measurably raise compliance: the recipient feels owed.

    Medium · Also offered: Social loafing, Groupthink, Diffusion of responsibility · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  27. During which stage of sleep are vivid dreams most commonly reported?

    REM sleep

    Vivid dreaming is most commonly reported by people woken from rapid eye movement, or REM, sleep.

    Medium · Also offered: Stage 1 sleep, Stage 2 sleep, Slow-wave sleep · Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  28. Who founded person-centered therapy?

    Carl Rogers

    Carl Rogers developed the person-centered approach, emphasizing empathy and the client's perspective.

    Medium · Also offered: Abraham Maslow, Fritz Perls, Aaron Beck · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Carl Rogers

  29. Which term names a person's belief that they can successfully carry out a specific task?

    Self-efficacy

    Self-efficacy, a term from the psychologist Albert Bandura, is your belief that you can carry out a particular task. It is not the same as self-esteem, which is how you feel about yourself overall, and it can be high in one area of life and low in another.

    Medium · Also offered: Self-concept, Locus of control, Outcome expectancy · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  30. What is the name for setting up an obstacle in advance so that failure has a ready excuse?

    Self-handicapping

    Self-handicapping means creating or claiming an obstacle before a test of ability, so a poor result can be blamed on the obstacle rather than on you. Staying out late the night before an exam is the classic example, and it protects the ego at the cost of the outcome.

    Medium · Also offered: Defensive pessimism, Learned helplessness, Impostor syndrome · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  31. What bias credits success to oneself but blames failure on outside factors?

    Self-serving bias

    Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to external causes.

    Medium · Also offered: Confirmation bias, Anchoring bias, Negativity bias · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  32. Agoraphobia is often described as a fear of open spaces, but what do sufferers most typically avoid?

    Situations they could not easily escape from

    The literal Greek is 'fear of the marketplace'. In practice it centres on places where escape would be hard or help unavailable, such as public transport, queues and crowds.

    Medium · Also offered: Places where they have had a panic attack before, Situations where strangers might judge them, Anywhere far from their own home · Source: DSM-5, agoraphobia

  33. Ophidiophobia is the fear of what?

    Snakes

    From the Greek ophis, meaning snake. Along with spiders, it is among the most commonly reported animal phobias.

    Medium · Also offered: Spiders, Lizards, Worms · Source: DSM-5, specific phobia

  34. A practiced athlete performs better with spectators nearby. Which effect is this?

    Social facilitation

    Social facilitation refers to changes in performance caused by the presence of others, often improving well-learned tasks.

    Medium · Also offered: Social loafing, Groupthink, Social inhibition · Source: APA Dictionary, social facilitation

  35. A team member works less hard because effort is shared. What is this called?

    Social loafing

    Social loafing is the tendency to exert less effort when working collectively than alone.

    Medium · Also offered: Social facilitation, Group polarization, Bystander effect · Source: APA Dictionary, social loafing

  36. Which effect makes people overestimate how much others notice them?

    Spotlight effect

    The spotlight effect is the tendency to overestimate how much one's appearance or actions are noticed by other people.

    Medium · Also offered: Halo effect, Bystander effect, Recency effect · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  37. Who introduced the zone of proximal development?

    Lev Vygotsky

    Lev Vygotsky described the zone of proximal development as tasks a learner can achieve with guidance.

    Medium · Also offered: Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, John Bowlby · Source: APA Dictionary, zone of proximal development

Hard Psychology Trivia Questions

  1. Who developed the Strange Situation procedure?

    Mary Ainsworth

    Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation procedure to study infant-caregiver attachment patterns.

    Hard · Also offered: John Bowlby, Diana Baumrind, Mary Main · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Mary Ainsworth

  2. Which psychologist developed rational emotive behavior therapy?

    Albert Ellis

    Albert Ellis developed rational emotive behavior therapy, an approach centered on changing self-defeating beliefs.

    Hard · Also offered: Aaron Beck, Fritz Perls, Viktor Frankl · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica

  3. Which psychologist sorted personality traits into cardinal, central and secondary?

    Gordon Allport

    Gordon Allport, an early champion of the trait approach to personality, divided traits into three levels: cardinal traits that dominate a person's whole life, central traits that make up general character, and secondary traits that surface only in particular situations.

    Hard · Also offered: Hans Eysenck, Raymond Cattell, Carl Jung · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Gordon Allport

  4. In a rapid stream of letters, you miss the second target just after spotting the first. What is this?

    Attentional blink

    For roughly half a second after attention locks onto one target, a second target arriving in the same stream often goes unseen. The eyes never close, which is why the effect is called a blink of attention rather than of the eye.

    Hard · Also offered: Change blindness, Inattentional blindness, Attentional capture · Source: APA Dictionary, attentional blink

  5. Which heuristic judges likelihood by ease of recall?

    Availability heuristic

    The availability heuristic uses the ease with which examples come to mind when judging frequency or probability.

    Hard · Also offered: Anchoring heuristic, Representativeness heuristic, Affect heuristic · Source: APA Dictionary, availability heuristic

  6. Which British psychiatrist first proposed attachment theory in the 1950s?

    John Bowlby

    John Bowlby argued that a baby's drive to cling to a caregiver is an evolved survival instinct rather than a side effect of being fed, and that early separation leaves lasting marks. Mary Ainsworth later put the idea to the test with the Strange Situation, the experiment that produced the secure and insecure attachment styles.

    Hard · Also offered: Harry Harlow, Mary Ainsworth, Erik Erikson · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, John Bowlby

  7. What perceptual phenomenon can follow a brief interruption between two visual displays?

    Change blindness

    Change blindness is the failure to notice a visual change when a brief interruption, such as a blink or blank screen, occurs between displays. People can sometimes miss surprisingly large changes when their attention is focused elsewhere.

    Hard · Also offered: Inattentional blindness, Repetition blindness, Motion-induced blindness · Source: APA Dictionary, change blindness

  8. Who first systematically studied the forgetting curve?

    Hermann Ebbinghaus

    Hermann Ebbinghaus used himself as a subject in early systematic studies of memory and forgetting.

    Hard · Also offered: William James, Frederic Bartlett, Endel Tulving · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hermann Ebbinghaus

  9. What effect describes a familiar problem-solving method blocking a better method?

    Einstellung effect

    The Einstellung effect is the tendency for an existing problem-solving method to hinder discovery of a better solution, as when chess players spot a familiar winning pattern and miss a faster mate.

    Hard · Also offered: Flynn effect, Dunning-Kruger effect, Mere-exposure effect · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  10. Which effect makes people value an object they own more than an identical one they do not?

    Endowment effect

    The endowment effect is the tendency to value something more highly simply because you own it. In the classic experiment, students handed a mug wanted roughly twice as much to give it up as other students were willing to pay for the same mug.

    Hard · Also offered: Mere-exposure effect, Bystander effect, Zeigarnik effect · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  11. Who distinguished episodic memory from semantic memory?

    Endel Tulving

    Endel Tulving proposed the distinction between episodic and semantic memory.

    Hard · Also offered: George Miller, Elizabeth Loftus, Donald Hebb · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, episodic memory

  12. What psychology term describes overestimating how many people share your views?

    False-consensus effect

    The false-consensus effect is the tendency to overestimate how widely one's opinions or beliefs are shared by others.

    Hard · Also offered: Halo effect, Bystander effect, Spotlight effect · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  13. Who introduced the theory of cognitive dissonance?

    Leon Festinger

    Leon Festinger argued in 1957 that holding two clashing beliefs creates a discomfort people relieve by quietly adjusting one of them. It is why a buyer who doubted an expensive purchase talks himself into loving it afterwards, and why a hard-won membership is prized more than an easy one.

    Hard · Also offered: Solomon Asch, Kurt Lewin, Stanley Milgram · Source: Open Yale Courses, PSYC 110 lecture 16

  14. Which psychologist developed personal construct theory?

    George Kelly

    George Kelly developed personal construct theory, which describes how people interpret events through their own mental frameworks.

    Hard · Also offered: Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis, Rollo May · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica

  15. Which Gestalt principle explains why Rubin's famous drawing reads as either a vase or two facing profiles, but never as both at once?

    Figure and ground

    Gestalt psychologists described perception as splitting a scene into a figure, which has shape and edges, and a ground, which runs on behind it. In Edgar Rubin's 1915 drawing either region can take the figure role, and whichever one does owns the contour between them, so the image flips rather than showing both readings together.

    Hard · Also offered: Closure, Proximity, Similarity · Source: OpenStax Psychology 2e, Gestalt principles

  16. Which neuroscientist led the Parma team credited with identifying mirror neurons in macaque monkeys?

    Giacomo Rizzolatti

    Giacomo Rizzolatti and colleagues found neurons that fire both when an action is performed and when a similar action is watched.

    Hard · Also offered: Roger Sperry, Wilder Penfield, David Hubel · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica

  17. Which psychologist conducted the famous experiments in which rhesus monkeys preferred a soft surrogate mother over a wire mother providing milk?

    Harry Harlow

    Harry Harlow's monkey studies indicated that contact comfort strongly influences attachment.

    Hard · Also offered: Konrad Lorenz, Mary Ainsworth, Rene Spitz · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica

  18. Who proposed the two-factor theory of job satisfaction?

    Frederick Herzberg

    Frederick Herzberg proposed a workplace theory distinguishing motivators from hygiene factors.

    Hard · Also offered: Douglas McGregor, Abraham Maslow, Victor Vroom · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Frederick Herzberg

  19. What is the name for overestimating how visible your own nerves or hidden feelings are to everyone else?

    Illusion of transparency

    The illusion of transparency is the tendency to overestimate how clearly other people can detect your internal states, which is why stage fright usually shows far less than it feels.

    Hard · Also offered: Curse of knowledge, Illusory superiority, Barnum effect · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  20. Which theory says bodily arousal comes before conscious emotion?

    James–Lange theory

    The James–Lange theory proposes that perception of bodily changes contributes to emotional experience.

    Hard · Also offered: Cannon–Bard theory, Two-factor theory, Opponent-process theory · Source: APA Dictionary, James-Lange theory

  21. Whose six-stage theory of moral reasoning grew out of responses to the Heinz dilemma?

    Lawrence Kohlberg

    Lawrence Kohlberg built his six stages of moral development from how people justified the Heinz dilemma, in which a man considers stealing a drug he cannot afford to save his dying wife. What mattered to Kohlberg was the reasoning offered, not the verdict reached.

    Hard · Also offered: Carol Gilligan, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Lawrence Kohlberg

  22. Who is associated with early studies of insight learning in chimpanzees?

    Wolfgang Köhler

    Wolfgang Köhler's studies of chimpanzees helped establish the concept of insight learning.

    Hard · Also offered: Edward Tolman, B. F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Wolfgang Köhler

  23. What term describes knowledge gained before its usefulness becomes apparent?

    Latent learning

    Latent learning is knowledge acquired without immediate reinforcement or an obvious reason to use it, revealed later when it becomes useful. Psychologist Edward Tolman demonstrated it when rats navigated mazes more effectively after previously exploring them without rewards.

    Hard · Also offered: Incidental learning, Observational learning, Rote learning · Source: APA Dictionary, latent learning

  24. Which theory of memory holds that material processed for its meaning is remembered better than material processed for its sound or its appearance?

    Levels-of-processing theory

    Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart proposed in 1972 that memory strength depends on the depth at which material is processed. Thinking about what a word means leaves a more durable trace than noticing how it looks or what it rhymes with.

    Hard · Also offered: Transfer-appropriate processing theory, Fuzzy-trace theory of memory, Dual-coding theory · Source: APA Dictionary, levels-of-processing theory

  25. Which psychologist is known for research on memory misinformation?

    Elizabeth Loftus

    The APA describes Elizabeth Loftus's research showing that suggestions and post-event information can alter recollections.

    Hard · Also offered: Daniel Schacter, Endel Tulving, George Miller · Source: American Psychological Association, How memory can be manipulated

  26. Who introduced Theory X and Theory Y about workplace management?

    Douglas McGregor

    Douglas McGregor introduced Theory X and Theory Y as contrasting assumptions managers may hold about workers.

    Hard · Also offered: Frederick Herzberg, Elton Mayo, Chris Argyris · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Douglas McGregor

  27. What effect can occur when asking people about a behavior changes later behavior?

    Mere-measurement effect

    Marketing professor Vicki Morwitz named this effect after a 1993 study showing that simply asking people whether they intended to buy a car or a computer made them more likely to actually buy one. Repeating the same question too many times can reverse the effect and suppress the behavior instead.

    Hard · Also offered: Social desirability bias, Acquiescence bias, Anchoring effect · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  28. Which researcher is most closely associated with the psychological concept of flow?

    Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

    Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi developed the concept of flow to describe deep, rewarding absorption in an activity.

    Hard · Also offered: Martin Seligman, Edward Deci, Viktor Frankl · Source: American Psychological Association

  29. Trypanophobia is the fear of what?

    Needles

    Severe cases can lead people to avoid vaccinations, blood draws, and dental visits altogether, which is why doctors treat it as a real medical issue rather than simple squeamishness. It is distinct from haemophobia, the fear of blood itself.

    Hard · Also offered: Small holes, Blood, Doctors · Source: DSM-5, blood-injection-injury phobia

  30. What increases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus?

    Negative reinforcement

    Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by removing or preventing an aversive stimulus; it is not punishment.

    Hard · Also offered: Positive punishment, Negative punishment, Positive reinforcement · Source: OpenStax Psychology 2e, operant conditioning

  31. What neurological condition involves severe difficulty recognizing familiar faces?

    Prosopagnosia

    The word comes from the Greek prosopon, face, and agnosia, not knowing. The developmental form is thought to affect roughly one in fifty people, many of whom compensate by recognizing others through voice, hairstyle, or gait instead.

    Hard · Also offered: Aphasia, Hemispatial neglect, Synaesthesia · Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  32. A teacher is told certain pupils are about to blossom, and those pupils then do better than the rest. Which effect is this?

    The Pygmalion effect

    The Pygmalion effect is the pattern in which people rise to the expectations held of them by someone in authority. It takes its name from Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson's 1960s classroom study, in which the pupils said to be on the verge of a spurt had in fact been picked at random.

    Hard · Also offered: The placebo effect, The Hawthorne effect, The halo effect · Source: APA Dictionary, Pygmalion effect

  33. Which emotion theory combines arousal with cognitive labeling?

    Schachter–Singer theory

    Schachter–Singer two-factor theory explains emotion as physiological arousal plus a cognitive label.

    Hard · Also offered: James–Lange theory, Cannon–Bard theory, Opponent-process theory · Source: APA Dictionary, two-factor theory of emotion

  34. Which theory emphasizes autonomy, competence, and relatedness?

    Self-determination theory

    Self-determination theory identifies autonomy, competence, and relatedness as basic psychological needs.

    Hard · Also offered: Drive-reduction theory, Expectancy theory, Attribution theory · Source: Self-Determination Theory website, theory overview

  35. Who studied group norm formation with the autokinetic effect?

    Muzafer Sherif

    Muzafer Sherif used the autokinetic effect to study how groups form shared judgments.

    Hard · Also offered: Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, Kurt Lewin · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Muzafer Sherif

  36. Who proposed a general intelligence factor known as g?

    Charles Spearman

    Charles Spearman proposed that performance across cognitive tasks reflects a general intelligence factor, g.

    Hard · Also offered: Howard Gardner, David Wechsler, Louis Thurstone · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Charles Spearman

  37. Which psychologist's name is given to the color-word interference effect?

    John Ridley Stroop

    The APA identifies John Ridley Stroop's work as the source of the color-word interference paradigm and describes slower, less accurate ink-color naming when the word conflicts with the ink color.

    Hard · Also offered: J. P. Guilford, Donald Broadbent, Ulric Neisser · Source: American Psychological Association, The Stroop effect's long (and colorful) influence

  38. What is the name of the tendency to prefer a smaller reward available immediately over a larger reward available later?

    Temporal discounting

    Temporal discounting is the tendency to value rewards less when they are delayed in time.

    Hard · Also offered: Loss aversion, Availability bias, Status quo bias · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

  39. Self-quizzing improves later recall more than rereading. Which effect is this?

    Testing effect

    The testing effect is improved later retention after practicing retrieval of information.

    Hard · Also offered: Spacing effect, Generation effect, Recency effect · Source: APA Dictionary, testing effect

  40. Which projective assessment asks people to create stories about ambiguous pictures?

    Thematic Apperception Test

    The Thematic Apperception Test uses ambiguous pictures as prompts for stories intended to reveal themes in personality and motivation.

    Hard · Also offered: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, California Psychological Inventory · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica

  41. Which psychologist proposed the idea of cognitive maps?

    Edward C. Tolman

    Edward C. Tolman is widely credited with proposing cognitive maps to describe how organisms represent spatial relationships while learning.

    Hard · Also offered: Clark Hull, John B. Watson, William James · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Edward C. Tolman

  42. Emetophobia is the fear of what?

    Vomiting

    It often reshapes daily life more than the fear suggests, driving people to avoid restaurants, travel and sometimes eating in front of others.

    Hard · Also offered: Choking, Food poisoning, Germs · Source: DSM-5, specific phobia

  43. Which researcher used a marshmallow task to study children's ability to delay gratification?

    Walter Mischel

    Walter Mischel led the delayed-gratification studies commonly associated with the marshmallow test.

    Hard · Also offered: Lawrence Kohlberg, Urie Bronfenbrenner, John Flavell · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica

  44. Which law relates a just-noticeable difference to stimulus magnitude?

    Weber's law

    Weber's law states that the just-noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus.

    Hard · Also offered: Yerkes–Dodson law, Thorndike's law, Zipf's law · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Weber's law

  45. Which psychologist's adult intelligence scale displaced the Stanford-Binet as the standard IQ test for adults?

    David Wechsler

    David Wechsler published the Wechsler-Bellevue scale in 1939 and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in 1955. Rather than reducing a person to one mental-age figure, it scored separate verbal and performance abilities, and it remains the most used adult IQ test.

    Hard · Also offered: Lewis Terman, Charles Spearman, Raymond Cattell · Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, David Wechsler

  46. Which pair of psychologists proposed the multicomponent model of working memory in 1974?

    Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch

    Baddeley and Hitch replaced the idea of a single short-term store with a central executive directing two subsystems: a phonological loop that holds sound and speech, and a visuospatial sketchpad that holds images and positions. An episodic buffer was added to the model in 2000.

    Hard · Also offered: George Miller and Ulric Neisser, Donald Broadbent and Anne Treisman, Endel Tulving and Frederic Bartlett · Source: PubMed, The multicomponent model of working memory fifty years on

  47. Which law describes performance rising with arousal up to a point, then falling away again?

    Yerkes–Dodson law

    The Yerkes–Dodson law describes an inverted-U link between arousal and performance: a little pressure sharpens people and too much degrades them, with the peak sitting lower for difficult tasks than for simple ones.

    Hard · Also offered: Weber's law, Hebb's law, Thorndike's law of effect · Source: APA Dictionary, Yerkes-Dodson law

  48. What is the name of the tendency for unfinished tasks to remain more accessible in memory than completed tasks?

    Zeigarnik effect

    The Zeigarnik effect describes the tendency for interrupted or unfinished tasks to be remembered better than completed ones.

    Hard · Also offered: Von Restorff effect, Serial-position effect, Spacing effect · Source: APA Dictionary of Psychology

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